How are doughnuts, fritters, pancakes, and waffles primarily cooked?

Doughnuts, fritters, pancakes, and waffles are primarily cooked by deep frying or frying methods. In the case of doughnuts and fritters, deep frying is essential as it allows for a crispy exterior while maintaining a soft and fluffy interior. The high temperature of the oil cooks the batter quickly, creating a characteristic golden-brown color and texture.

Pancakes and waffles are typically cooked on a griddle or in a waffle iron. While these methods involve moderate amounts of oil or butter, they do not classify as deep frying since the food is not submerged in oil. However, pancakes can also be cooked in a shallow amount of oil, which can create a slightly crispy exterior similar to frying.

In summary, while all four items may involve some amount of fat for cooking, deep frying is the key method primarily associated with the preparation of doughnuts and fritters, highlighting how this cooking method defines the texture and flavor of these foods.